DOI: https://doi.org/10.55467/reder.v7i1.112

RESUMEN: Colombia es uno de los países de la región de América Latina y el Caribe (LAC) con mayores avances en Políticas Públicas (PPs) de protección financiera. Siguiendo el enfoque integral de la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (GRD) y mediante una revisión comprensiva del contexto internacional y (sub)nacional, este estudio analiza las PPs de transferencia del riesgo climático en Colombia y presenta retos y recomendaciones para superarlos, como referencia para la implementación de marcos de PP de transferencia del riesgo en otros países. Identificamos ocho PPs y realizamos una caracterización de las PPs de GRD y transferencia del riesgo a través de una matriz de análisis compuesta por 21 variables relacionadas con tres tipologías: referencia, contexto y contenido. Los resultados muestran que las PPs colombianas incluyen a la transferencia del riesgo ante fenómenos naturales, pero no se encuentra regulada en el nivel subnacional y presentan un enfoque ‘top-down’. Las limitantes identificadas se basan en la carencia de instrumentos de monitoreo y evaluación, así como de información sobre los procesos de consulta/participación.

PALABRAS CLAVE: Adaptación al cambio climático; Colombia; Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres; Políticas Públicas; Transferencia del Riesgo climático

>TEXTO COMPLETO
 

REFERENCIAS

• ^{Agricultural Insurance of Colombia and the Agricultural National Fund Act 1993. (Congreso de Colombia) s. 69. (Col). http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1619778. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Beck, U. (1999). The global risk society (2nd ed.). Polity Press.}
• ^{Bello, O.D. (2017). Disasters, economic growth and fiscal answer in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1972-2010. CEPAL Journal, 121, 8–30. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/41141/REV121_Bello.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Büdnis Entwicklung Hilft. (2019). World Risk Report 2019. Reliefweb. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WorldRiskReport-2019_Online_english.pdf}
• ^{CAN -Andean Community. (2002). Project support for disasters prevention in the Andean Community. PREDECAN. https://www.comunidadandina.org/StaticFiles/20116616249Memoria_predecan.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Cardona, O.D. (2009). The financial disaster risk management, financial instruments of retention and transfer for the Andean Community. Comunidad Andina. https://www.comunidadandina.org/StaticFiles/Temas/AtencionPrevencionDesastres/EJET1GestionFinancieraRiesgoInstrumentosFinancierosCAN.pdf. (In Spanish).}
• ^{Cardona, O.D. (2019). Risk management and adaptation in Manizales: a development strategy for addressing a resilience, sustainability and competitiveness transitional city. INGENIAR. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14466.43206 (In Spanish).}
• ^{CCRIF -Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility. (2021a). About Us: Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility. CCRIF. https://www.ccrif.org/about-us}
• ^{CCRIF -Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility. (2021b). CCRIF to Make US$40 Million Payout to Haiti following Devastating August 14 Earthquake. CCRIF https://www.ccrif.org/news/ccrif-make-us40-million-payout-haiti-following-devastating-august-14-earthquake?language_content_entity=en}
• ^{Climate Central. (2019). Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea-level rise worse than previously understood.https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood}
• ^{CRED - Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. (2021). 2020: The Non-COVID Year in Disasters. UNDRR. https://www.undrr.org/publication/2020-non-covid-year-disasters}
• ^{CEFP –Centro de Estudios de las Finanzas Públicas de México– (2022). Fondo de desastres naturales FONDEN 2022. Cámara de Diputados. https://www.cefp.gob.mx/publicaciones/nota/2022/notacefp0122022.pdf}
• ^{DANE -Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. (2019). Pobreza y desigualdad en Colombia.https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/pobreza-y-condiciones-de-vida/pobreza-y-desigualdad}
• ^{Disaster risk management financial strategy of the San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina archipelago Decree 2019 (Gobernación de San Andrés) s. 0738 (Col). (in Spanish).}
• ^{DNP -Departamento Nacional de Planeación. (2020). National Development Plan 2018-2022 “Pact for Colombia, pact for equity”. DNP. https://www.dnp.gov.co/DNPN/Paginas/Plan-Nacional-de-Desarrollo.aspx. (in Spanish).}
• ^{DRFIP - Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance Program. (2020). Tools And Principles Of Financial Protection. https://www.financialprotectionforum.org/third-party/microsite_1/subpage02.html}
• ^{Fernández Lopera, C.C. (2020). Financial protection for disaster risk management in Latin America. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos Sobre Reducción Del Riesgo de Desastres REDER, 4(2), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.55467/reder.v4i2.48. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Fernández, C.C. Mendes, J. Barata, E. Sandoval, V. (2022a). Prioritization of areas for implementing inclusive climate risk transfer mechanisms. Colombia as a case study. International Journal for Disaster Risk Science. Submitted. Under review.}
• ^{Fernández, C. Mendes, J. Barata, E. (2022b). The Differential Risk Transfer: a new approach for reducing vulnerability to climate-related hazards, Disaster Prevention and Management, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-05-2021-0185}
• ^{GFDRR; Banco Mundial; Ministerio de Hacienda de Colombia; Confederación Suiza; Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. (2019). Disaster risk management financial strategy of the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley.Ministerio de Hacienda. https://www.minhacienda.gov.co/webcenter/ShowProperty?nodeId=%2FConexionContent%2FWCC_CLUSTER-121506%2F%2FidcPrimaryFile&revision=latestreleased. (in Spanish).}
• ^{GFDRR; Banco Mundial; Ministerio de Hacienda de Colombia; Confederación Suiza; Gobernación de Cundinamarca. (2019). Disaster risk management financial strategy of the Cundinamarca Department. Ministerio de Hacienda. https://www.minhacienda.gov.co/webcenter/ShowProperty?nodeId=%2FConexionContent%2FWCC_CLUSTER-121507%2F%2FidcPrimaryFile&revision=latestreleased (in Spanish).}
• ^{GFDRR; Banco Mundial; Ministerio de Hacienda de Colombia; Confederación Suiza; Gobernación de San Andrés Providencia y Santa Catalina. (2019). Disaster risk management financial strategy of the San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina archipelago. Ministerio de Hacienda. https://www.minhacienda.gov.co/webcenter/ShowProperty?nodeId=%2FConexionContent%2FWCC_CLUSTER-121508%2F%2FidcPrimaryFile&revision=latestreleased. (in Spanish).}
• ^{GFDRR; Banco Mundial; Ministerio de Hacienda de Colombia; Confederación Suiza; Gobernación del Putumayo. (2019). Disaster risk management financial strategy of the Putumayo Department. Ministerio de Hacienda. http://www.urf.gov.co/webcenter/ShowProperty?nodeId=%2FConexionContent%2FWCC_CLUSTER-130181%2F%2FidcPrimaryFile&revision=latestreleased. (in Spanish).}
• ^{GFDRR; World Bank & State Secretariat for Economic Affairs- Swiss Confederation. (2014). Financial protection against disasters: From products to comprehensive strategies. Ministerio de Hacienda. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/21725.}
• ^{Guidelines for climate change management in Colombia Act 2018 (Congreso de Colombia) S. 1931 (Col). http://es.presidencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/ley%201931%20del%2027%20de%20julio%20de%202018.pdf.(in Spanish).}
• ^{Haueter, N.V. (2017). A History of Insurance. Swiss Re. https://www.swissre.com/dam/jcr:638f00a0-71b9-4d8e-a960-dddaf9ba57cb/150_history_of_insurance.pdf}
• ^{Hood, C., Rothstein, H., & Baldwin, R. (2001). The government of risk: understanding risk regulation regimes. (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.}
• ^{IDEAM, PNUD, MADS, DNP & Cancillería. (2015). Nuevos escenarios de cambio climático para Colombia 2011-2100. Tercera Comunicación Nacional de Cambio Climático. www.ideam.gov.co}
• ^{IRGC -International Risk Governance Council. (2017). Introduction to the IRGC Risk Governance Framework, revised version. International Risk Governance Center. https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/233739}
• ^{InsuResilience. (2022). InsuResilience Global Partnership Centre of Excellence on Gender Smart Solutions. https://coe.insuresilience.org/}
• ^{Klinke, A., & Renn, O. (2019). The Coming of Age of Risk Governance. Risk Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13383}
• ^{LA RED. (1992). Network on social studies of disaster prevention in Latin America. Desenredando. https://www.desenredando.org/. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Lavell, A., & Wilches-Chaux, G. (1997). The sense of participation. In A. Lavell (Ed.), Living in risk: vulnerable communities and disaster prevention in Latin America, (pp. 1-23). https://www.desenredando.org/public/libros/1994/ver/ver_todo_nov-20-2002.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Maskrey, A. (1993). Disasters are not natural. LA RED. https://www.desenredando.org/public/libros/1993/ldnsn/LosDesastresNoSonNaturales-1.0.0.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Maurer, R., & Somova, B. (2005). German Insurance Industry: Market Overview and Trends (No. 156). https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/23421/1/929.pdf}
• ^{MHCP -Ministerio de Hacienda y Crédito Público de Colombia. (2012). Financial strategy for reducing state’s fiscal vulnerability to disasters. Ministerio de Hacienda. https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/CALDERON_Estrategia Proteccion Financiera Desastres Naturales.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Miller, S., & Keipi, K. (2006). Financial strategies and tools for disaster risk management in Latin America and the Caribbean. Interamerican Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/Estrategias-e-instrumentos-financieros-para-la-gestión-del-riesgo-de-desastres-en-América-Latina-y-el-Caribe.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Ministerio de Economia y Finanzas del Perú, Banco Mundial, SECO & GFDRR. (2016). Estretegia integral de protección financiera ante el riesgo de desastres asociados a fenómenos naturales. Banco Mundial.https://www.mef.gob.pe/contenidos/pol_econ/documentos/PeruFinProtectionFL_low.pdf}
• ^{Monterrosa, H. (2020, November 30). Disasters cost $13.134 million (COP) to the insurance companies until September 2020. La República. https://www.larepublica.co/finanzas/los-desastres-naturales-le-costaron-13134-millones-a-las-aseguradoras-a-septiembre-3095444. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Nagy, G.J., Leal Filho, W., Azeiteiro, U.M., Heimfarth, J., Verocai, J.E., & Li, C. (2018). An assessment of the relationships between extreme weather events, vulnerability, and the impacts on human wellbeing in Latin America. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091802}
• ^{Narváez, L., Lavell, A., & Pérez, G. (2009). Disaster risk management, An approach based on processes. Andean Community. http://www.comunidadandina.org/predecan/doc/libros/PROCESOS_ok.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{National Development Plan 2018-2022 pact for Colombia, pact for Equity, Act 2019 (Congreso de Colombia) s. 1955(Col) http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1955_2019.html. (in Spanish).}
• ^{National Plan for Disaster Risk Management Decree 2016 (Presidencia de la República de Colombia) s. 308 (Col) (in Spanish).}
• ^{National policy for disaster risk management of Colombia Act 2012 (Congreso de Colombia) s. 1523 (Col) http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1523_2012.html. (in Spanish).}
• ^{National System for Disaster Risk Management of Peru Act 2011 (Congreso del Perú) s. 29664 (Pe) https://www.mef.gob.pe/contenidos/inv_publica/docs/eventos-taller/taller-internacional-03y04-julio-2014/files/segundo-dia/04-Ley-Sinagerd-y-el-Planagerd.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{ONEMI - Oficina Nacional de Emergencia. (2020). National policy for disaster risk management of Chile. National strategic plan 2020-2030. ONEMI. https://repositoriodigital.onemi.gov.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/4110/PoliticaNacional_2020%28principal%29.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Raschky, P., & Weck-Hannemann, H. (2007). Charity hazard-A real hazard to natural disaster insurance?, Environmental Hazards, 7(4), 321-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.09.002}
• ^{Risk Management Act 2014 (Asamblea Legislativa de Bolivia) s. 602 (Bo) http://www.defensacivil.gob.bo/web/uploads/pdfs/ley602.pdf. (in Spanish).}
• ^{Risk Management Act 2015 (Senate of Jamaica) s. 1 (Jam). https://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/341_The%20Disater%20and%20Preparedness%20and%20Emergency%20Management%20Act,%202015%20No.1.pdf}
• ^{Salgado-Gálvez, M.A., Bernal, G.A., Zuloaga, D., Marulanda, M.C., Cardona, O.D., & Henao, S. (2017). Probabilistic seismic risk assessment in Manizales, Colombia: Quantifying Losses for Insurance Purposes. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 8(3), 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-017-0137-6}
• ^{Savina, M., Brunner, P., Pavic, M., & Rossi, M. (2020). A short history of Natural Catastrophes in Switzerland. Scort, the Art & Science of Risk. https://www.scor.com/en/expert-views/short-history-natural-catastrophes-switzerland}
• ^{SHCPM -Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público de México. (2012, August). Mexican financial strategy for disaster risk administration. [Conference presentation]. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. http://www.proteccioncivil.gob.mx/work/models/ProteccionCivil/Resource/460/2/images/PresentacionSalvadorPerez.pdf.(in Spanish).}
• ^{Single Decree of the Administrative Agricultural, Fishing and Rural Development related to the agricultural insurance Decree 2020 (Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural-MinAgricultura) s. 211 (Col). (in Spanish).}
• ^{Swiss Re. (2017). A History of US Insurance. Swiss Re. https://www.swissre.com/dam/jcr:36ebe594-097d-4d4d-b3a7-2cbb8d856e85/150Y_Markt_Broschuere_USA_EN_Inhalt.pdf}
• ^{Trejo-Rangel, M.A., Ramos Ribeiro, R.R., Fernández Lopera, C.C., Mota Ferreira, A., Esquivel-Gomez, N.N. & Liera-Martínez, C.C. (2022). Enfoques hegemónicos en la gestión del riesgo de desastres asociados a eventos hidrometeorológicos. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres REDER, 6(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.55467/reder.v6i1.82}
• ^{UNDRR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2005). Hyogo framework for action 2005-2015. UNDRR. https://www.eird.org/cdmah/contenido/hyogo-framework-spanish.pdf}
• ^{UNDRR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. UNDRR. https://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf}
• ^{UNDRR. (2017). Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. UNDRR. https://www.undrr.org/terminology}
• ^{UNDRR. (2020). Latin America and the Caribbean: the second region most susceptible to disasters. UNDRR. https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/01/1467501. (in Spanish).}
• ^{UNFCCC -United Nations Climate Change. (2014). Lima Work Program on Gender. Conference of the Parties. http://www.cites.org/esp/disc/CoP.php}
• ^{UNFCCC -United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2019). The Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender. UNCC. https://unfccc.int/topics/gender/workstreams/the-enhanced-lima-work-programme-on-gender}
• ^{UNGRD Unidad Nacional para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Colombia. (2015). National plan for disaster risk management. UNGRD. https://repositorio.gestiondelriesgo.gov.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.11762/756/PNGRD-2016.pdf?sequence=27&isAllowed=y. (in Spanish).}
• ^{UNGRD. (2018). Atlas de Riesgo de Colombia. UNGRD. https://repositorio.gestiondelriesgo.gov.co/handle/20.500.11762/27179}
• ^{UNGRD. (2022). Primera actualización del Plan Nacional de Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Colombia, 2015-2030. UNGRD. http://portal.gestiondelriesgo.gov.co/Documents/PNGRD/PNGRD-2022-Actualizacion-VF.pdf}
• ^{Valente, S. (2013). Stakeholder Participation in Sustainable Forest Management in Fire-Prone Areas [Doctoral dissertation, University of Aveiro]. Universidade de Aveiro. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12151}
• ^{WFP -World Food Program. (2021). Indigenous women in Guatemala are insured against drought and heavy rains.WFP. https://www.wfp.org/stories/indigenous-women-guatemala-are-insured-against-drought-and-floods}